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20/10/23

A Brief Overview of CNC Machine Tools

A Brief Overview of CNC Machine Tools

The structure of a CNC machine tool is primarily divided into three major components: the machine tool body, the drive system, and the CNC system.

20/10/23

Classification of CNC Machine Tools

Classification of CNC Machine Tools

There are many ways to classify CNC machine tools. 1. Classified by the type of CNC motion trajectory, they can be divided as follows: Point‑controlled CNC machine tools: These control only the accuracy of the tool’s displacement relative to the workpiece during movement, without regard to the path between two points; examples include CNC drilling machines. Point‑and‑linear‑control CNC machine tools: Building on point control, these ensure that the tool’s trajectory is a straight line while performing cutting operations. Contour‑controlled CNC machine tools: These can control the motion of two or more axes (multi‑axis linkage), with the tool’s trajectory following a spatial curve. 2. Based on the servo system’s control method, they can be categorized as follows: Open‑loop controlled CNC machine tools: These lack position feedback and compensation, resulting in lower cost but poorer precision and stability. Semi‑closed‑loop controlled CNC machine tools: They monitor and compensate for the position of the servo motor or lead screw, offering higher precision and stability at a moderate price, making them the most widely used. Closed‑loop controlled CNC machine tools: These measure and compensate for the position of the machine’s moving components, delivering high precision and excellent stability, though at a higher cost. 3. Classified by the number of coordinated axes, they can be divided into the following types: 2.5‑axis CNC machine tools: These can only perform X‑Y axis coordination, suitable for planar contour machining, with Z‑axis motion enabling layered processing. 3‑axis CNC machine tools: By coordinating the X, Y, and Z axes, they can machine complex surfaces. Among CNC milling machines, 3‑axis models are the most common and are widely employed in the mechanical manufacturing industry. 4‑axis CNC machine tools: In addition to X, Y, and Z axis coordination, they incorporate rotation about one of these axes. 5‑axis CNC machine tools: Combining X, Y, and Z axis coordination with rotation about two additional axes, they can machine a wide variety of complex curved surfaces. 4. Classified according to the relative positioning of the spindle and the worktable, they can be divided into the following categories: Vertical CNC machine tools: In vertical CNC machines, the spindle is positioned perpendicular to the worktable, allowing operations such as milling, boring, drilling, and tapping. Vertical machining centers typically feature three‑axis linkage, enabling three‑dimensional surface milling. Higher‑end vertical machining centers may also support four‑ or five‑axis control. These machines are well suited for machining parts with small height dimensions. Horizontal CNC machine tools: Here, the spindle is mounted horizontally relative to the worktable. They often include rotary axes (rotary tables). Horizontal CNC machines are particularly ideal for machining box‑type components, capable of simultaneously completing multiple surface and hole‑machining operations. Machining centers equipped with tool changers integrate numerous cutting and inspection tools into their tool magazines. During operation, an automated tool changer (ATC) automatically selects and swaps tools based on program instructions, consolidating functions such as milling, boring, drilling, and tapping into a single machine, thus providing versatile machining capabilities.

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